Fsc (foundation single crochet) {refer to video tutorial} {refer to photo tutorial} Ch 2, insert hook into back ridge {see below} of 2nd ch from hook, pull up a loop, yo, draw through 1 loop (1 chain made), yo, draw through 2 loops on hook (first foundation single crochet made), *insert hook under the 2 bottommost horizontal bars of the chain just made, pull up a loop, yo, draw through 1 loop (1 chain made), yo, draw through 2 loops on hook; rep from * for 1 less than indicated number of foundation sts.

Back ridge Rather than working under the top loops or ‘V’ of foundation chain, turn chain upside-down, insert hook under the single strand of yarn that is bump│ridge-like in appearance, work stitch as normal. (◊ pdf includes illustration)

PM (place marker) Place marker in│around│through stitch just made or as instructed.

Inc (increase) Sc in flo of st indicated, sc in both loops of same st.

Dec (decrease) Insert hook under flo of next st, shift hook forward and insert under both loops of next st, pull up a loop, draw through 1 loop on hook, yo, draw through rem 2  loops on hook.